They can move loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. %PDF-1.5 @2 #+ M;j|#O>-Nk~0}O_zH]P>uGWu3&,=Id$dIy.T/B\K;xUms9 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, Design and Analysis of Belt Conveyor Roller Shaft, Harshavardhan A. Kadam, Nilesh S. Hyalij"Design and Analysis of Belt Conveyor Roller Shaft", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), V36(1),45-49 June 2016. 2021; 14(15):4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154715, Chicago/Turabian StyleRadomski, Bartosz, and Tomasz Mrz. We have to design a conveyor for following specification 1. The results are then compared with the existing data and the necessary changes are made simultaneously in order the achieve the desired objectives. O3v]7qZK ~sPqP[:6}T!t'D)6=h)G6u@cu]\sLtl c8'W0Qtt}-XzTb;?F WLy a k/o'.@F,5G'>i endobj For instance, material handling contributes about 10% of the total maximum demand in South Africa. a[Wh_TvA J|NA[]9yz7y]{~/Zi`/K1qHuJP wNjImsRt i!2VH Stress analysis of shaft, pulley and belt is done to find highest stressed area of belt conveyor. IEEE KOLKATA SECTION SPONSORED "2ND International Conference on Recent Trends In Computer Science And Technology". 2 0 obj 4. 2 0 obj 3 0 obj Max stress acting on belt is 58.85 MPa and deformation will occur at 87.88 MPa. It is the tractive element. 5. 2.ANSYS APDL codes applied for linear static, modal, transient and optimization analysis. eISSN: 2349-5162, 2349-5162 | Impact Factor 7.95 Calculate by Google Scholar An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed Journal Impact Factor 7.95 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal Indexing in All Major Database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Volume 9 | Issue 7 which are fed to machinery for further operations or mixing. Tayo Analytical Framework to Minimize the Latency in Tele-herbal Healthcare Service, Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, vol. 5. https://doi.org/TBA, AMA StyleRadomski B, Mrz T. The Methodology for Designing Residential Buildings with a Positive Energy BalanceGeneral Approach.Energies. Chudasama Pratik Naresh, Darji Jaydeep Kanubhai, Dalvi Yash Deepak, Borade Sandip Ramchandra, 2021, Design, Analysis and Optimisation of Belt Conveyor for Coal Application, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY (IJERT) NTASU 2020 (Volume 09 Issue 03), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, FMEDA based Fault Injection to Validate Safety Architecture of SPI, Design and Development of a Cooling System for A Vaccine Container by using Vortex Tube Refrigeration, How IoT and Big Data Are Driving Smart Traffic Management and Smart Cities, RS and GIS Application for Land use Land Cover Mapping of the Narihalla Watershed Sandur, Bellary District, Karnataka, India, A Short Review on Biomass Production from Agricultural Wastes, Road Traffic Accident Analysis of Motorways in Pakistan, Design and Fabrication of Automated Scissor Jack, A Study of Magnetic Piston Repulsion Engine. Copyright JENRS 2022. <>>> ]c\RbKSTQ C''Q6.6QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ , +" <> In practice, the improvement of equipment efficiency of belt conveyors is achieved mainly by introducing highly efficient equipment. Paper also involves geometrical and finite element modeling of existing design and optimized design. The above simulations were performed by using different materials for the idler roller assembly and the shaft. endobj An analysis of stress and impact creates on roller shaft with the help of Hypermesh and to develop design of shaft for 170 to 180 create model Analysis using hyperwork. Orisaleye, Adelaja, A.O., Design and Development of Waste Sorting Machine,, P. K. Shanjenbam Brojendro Singh, Abu Salah Muslaha Uddin Laskar, Biltu Roy, Aminul Hoque Choudhury, Zahidul Islam, Jakir Hussain Mollah, Shadeed Masood Ul Hoque, Mohsin Ali, Design of Municipal Dry Waste Segregating Machine Using Conveyor,. Conveyors usually satisfy the demand for transportation of heavy or bulky materials. 2. Advancement of technology and change in demand, Conveyor systems play an important role in industrial expansion, modernization and technological advancement. $4%&'()*56789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz ? 2. Ojolo, J.I. <> The objective of this work is to optimize the components to reduce weight of entire assembly. Belt conveyor system is mostly used in industries for transportation of raw materials and finished products. <> %4_PdW@g7-#k?W}z~s)%)BG'oN_(:OY*77g^]}A=y8^zqAW=z1PG_=P.o||7=|v:py?zJ g/Io"O:qfE|/_^L^evG$5E, Devendra Kumar, R.K. Mandloi Analysis & Prospects of Modification in Belt Conveyors - A Review IJERA Vol. Handling of material can be done very efficiently by belt conveyor. <> Height to lift = 7 m max = 7000 mm 4. Engineering (Hons.) September 27, 2004. By following the design procedure for flat belt conveyor system, all geometrical parameters obtained are within limits and design of conveyor is safe. & Communication" ICIRCC18. Tn O[{{H:C 5 0 obj 4. vu=mE[K>q.DIm6^^)O[2NdVt(L^"V=C:Q~=[kot&IM'uY7 y6CN! 16 Hz, reducing idler deflection to less than 5 mm, maximum shaft deflection to be achieved less than 1 mm, reduce the belt capacity to 31 TPH, reduce the overall conveyor weight to 0.9 TON. Devendra Kumar, R.K. Mandloi Analysis & Prospects of Modification in Belt Conveyors - A Review IJERA Vol. In some cases according to requirement if we increase conveyor inclination up to 170 to 180 the impact on the whole assembly of shaft occur due to this impact of material on conveyor shaft it break or bend within few month. Conveyors are a powerful material handling tool. It is important to know how the conveyor system will be used prior to the setup, hence some individual areas that are helpful to consider are the required conveyor operations such as, conveyor capacity, material to be conveyed, material characteristics, etc. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, 1309 Coffeen Avenue STE 1200 Sheridan, WY 82801, USA. Width of conveyor = 500 mm Failure most of cases happen in roller of conveyor which is made up of steel. qOMe1B~/ys{DPtw}n1PO9|g+-{)n. stream 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.581-587. JAMSHEDPUR, 20TH AND 21ST APRIL 2017>, editor@ijaconline.com , editor.ijaconline@gmail.com. {T_eO R The geometric modelling and finite element analysis was done in SOLIDWORKS 2018 software. In this study; as a result, it has been seen that, F.E.M is the most practical method which can be utilized during belt conveyor design process. Its energy efficiency can generally be improved at four levels: performance, operation, equipment, and technology. But analytical calculations are not capable of determine to entire stresses which occured at whole body. The options available for running conveying systems are available in variety, including the hydraulic, mechanical and fully automated systems, which are equipped to fit individual needs. :~R`K mYSvqyD\Hp0}UqN:.f Belt conveyors are being employed to form the most important parts of material handling systems because of their high efficiency of transportation. 3 0 obj The simulation results were anticipated, thus satisfying the design constraints. For the continuous transportation of material a belt conveyor are used in the transport of coal and mineral powder it gives high efficiency and environmental protection. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Department, Faculty of Mech. AbstractFor the continuous transportation of material a belt conveyor are used in the transport of coal and mineral powder it gives high efficiency and environmental protection. The static analysis results and optimized design proves that the design is safe. Espelage W, Wanke E. Movement minimization for unit distances in conveyor flow shop processing. published by seventh sense research group. 1, pp. 3. 1.1 Belt Conveyor Systems 1.2 Principle of Working: Figure 1.2.1 Typical profile of belt conveyors The belt conveyor is an endless belt moving over two end pulleys at fixed positions and used for transporting material horizontally or at an incline up or down. Stress on shaft comes out to be 13.17 MPa. National Conference on "Management of the Environmental Pollution in Context to the Growing Industries" MEPCGI-2017. KeywordsExisting Roller Shaft, Analysed Roller shaft with DFMEA. It is widely used in coal handling system in thermal power plant and other projects [2].Conveyor is used in many industries to transport goods and materials between stages of a process.Using conveyor systems is a good way to reduce the risks of musculoskeletal injury in tasks or processes that involve manual handling, as they reduce the need for repetitive lifting and carrying. %PDF-1.5 p?ujV#?%*OF;[a6wY[vcj(mcYRs3FzZbaTOI bvb bM$tkB;`$Z-J eRN?HQl`c%Q%@99m?hb Wo >I&5qV'>h=+WF:V|7Wm),qf7( A)EHQ! FEA is done on ANSYS and Inventor software with appropriate loading condition, considering calculated tension. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), "Design and Analysis of Belt Conveyor Roller Shaft", International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT), V36(1),45-49 June 2016. It is quite common for manufacturing plants to combine both Process and Unit Load conveyors in its operations [3]. Scientific Technical Union of Mechanical Engineering "Industry-4.0", Mech. By using design failure modes and effects Analysis (DFMEA) for systematic, proactive method for identifying where and how it might fail. Results of Linear static, Modal and Transient analysis of existing design and optimized design are compared to prove design is safe.In this paper we work on the roller design and optimization. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 4. " zTvQ\+ F aA-,' {W5ziZS Simulations for Modal Analysis. 4 0 obj Keywords Conveyor, Idler Assembly, Simulation, Stress, Displacement, Material handling is an important sector of an industry. This paper includes study of detailed design procedure and analysis of flat belt conveyor components for light duty applications. 39-50 (2022). It is significant to reduce the energy consumption or energy cost of material handling sector. 15: 4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154715, IEEE StyleRadomski B, Mrz T. The Methodology for Designing Residential Buildings with a Positive Energy BalanceGeneral Approach.Energies. aoK,^s'^BH>9M/ )ZT,s{V}2I[xi"pz6ao~s-j|h2[OMh'ZbXgLM[Jn8*&e'b@i&%t#r:[^+jx[kc{1@dw%N 6OjULR1c>MB,p?$Q{Bd]W\2:c_k? Theoretical evaluation of the belt conveyor was performed and the capacity of the of the belt conveyor, total belt tension, minimum motor conveyor power and maximum torsion shear stress was obtained as 31 TPH, 4190 lbs., 4 Hp and 400 lbf/in2 respectively. Can be achieved at different distances, different materials transportation. 4 0 obj by Yash Patil * , Shivraj Patil, Suhas Gawade, Vaishnav Shinde and Samidha Jawade, 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, MIT World Peace University, Pune, 411029, India. Problem Statement: The aim of this project is to redesign existing gravity roller conveyor system by designing the critical parts (Roller, Bearing & Frame), to minimize the overall weight of the assembly and to save considerable amount of material. Energy saving idlers is proposed and tested in Energy optimized belts are developed in by improving the structure and rubber compounds of the belts. stream published by seventh sense research group. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz Belt conveyors used for segregation of defective products up to 2 kg maximum load whose conveyor capacity is 2 TPH and speed of the conveyor will be 3.5 m/min. Geometrical modeling was done using CATIA V5R20 and finite Element analysis done in ANSYS14.5. A belt conveyor system is designed in such a way that, it can be used for conveying limestone efficiently without belt spillage. The paper also includes simulation and material selection of vital components like chassis, idler roller assembly, drive shaft used to achieve the desired objectives. 1. Energy-efficient motors, and variable speed drives (VSDs) are recommended In general, extra investment is needed for the equipment retrofitting or replacement; and the efficiency improvement opportunities are limited to certain equipment [1]. Belt conveyors are used in mining, iron and steel plants, thermal power plants, ore, coal, limestone, sinter transmission, automotive and the other sectors. These factors will serve the purpose of distinctly defining the facets upon which the work needs to be done. An analysis of stress and impact creates on roller shaft with the help of Hypermesh and to develop design of shaft for 170 to 180 create model Analysis using hyperwork. 3, Issue 1, January -February 2013, pp.581-587. I]T?G=}(%=q/.&wflP*GO^JEW_|gcjA a5Wawq#Y}e2P}u,1=x,cG/)R 2&HJ\fOi)I0m|=2 a.F%xL2fv K/!5A 97i-hy^w&it k]2R_L ps) The critical components such as shaft and idler roller also has high deflection. endobj Eng Belt Conveyor Pulley Design - Why the Failures? B.Sc Mech. Eng., ITU, Istanbul, Turkey, LATTICE (CAGE) BEAM DESIGN AND FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF GANTRY CRANE, DETERMINING PRIORITY OF THE CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL OPTIMIZATION OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS, Application of submodeling in strength analysis of horizontal tank for storage of petroleum products, REDUCING THE DYNAMIC LOAD OF MECHANICAL WATER-JET DRIVE OF AMPHIBIOUS MACHINES, Possible approach for developing a model of intelligent security system applicable in its design in the quasar center of competence. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED TO ACHIEVE THE ABOVE OBJECTIVES. Copyright 2010 | All Rights Reserved by JAC. All Right Reserved. Conveyors can transport materials from one level to another without major difficulties, which when carried out by human labor would be toilsome and expensive. ,hLQc`{x8b 'aw|}>#Gu=v/kXb1!O^'vQ&2Lt7~9srM?:a|v\=59krOu=KqlreC4U. Terry King Pr. W} 5. Static and fatigue analysis was performed over components like Idler roller assembly, Shaft and Chassis followed by vibration analysis on the motor frame which gained satisfactory results thus meetin the required specifications. The structure that supports and maintains the alignments of the idlers and pulleys and support the driving machinery. There are several factors that have to be taken into consideration when a belt conveyor being designed. The analytical calculations are determined to entire stress, deflection and deformation of parts of conveyor system. However, the majority of the technical literature concerning the energy efficiency of belt conveyors focuses on the operational level and the equipment level. Also, many have advanced safety features which help prevent accidents. Copyrights 2022 Seventh Sense Research Group. By using design failure modes and effects Analysis (DFMEA) for systematic, proactive method for identifying where and how it might fail. 5. Chun-Hsiung Lan, The design of a multi-conveyor system for profit maximization International Journal Adv Manuf Technol (2003) 22: 510521. The drive that imparts power to one or more pulleys to move the belt and its loads. The Methodology for Designing Residential Buildings with a Positive Energy BalanceGeneral ApproachEnergies14, no. A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that advances materials from one location to another. May-2015 ISSN:2231-5381. www.ijettjournal.org. more design parameters. Design Engineer to the Bosworth Group of Companies. B. R. gunasegaran Madasamy, Automated Mechanical SOrting Device for Mixed Household Wastes,, P. Elamurugan et al., Automatic material segregation using PLC,, K. S.J. Journal of Engineering Research and Sciences, Volume 1, Issue 4, Page # 62-67, 2022; DOI: 10.55708/js0104008, Keywords: Conveyor Belt, Design and FEA Analysis, Flat Belt, Segregation of Defective Product, Received: 29 January 2022, Accepted: 20 March 2022, Published Online: 12 April 2022, JENRSO.S.A. stream The idler, belt and drive system are the main targets. Eng. Assistant Professor, SCSCOE, Pune & India. endobj and many. They offer the opportunity to boost productivity, reduce product handling and damage, and minimize labor content in a manufacturing or distribution facility. x}[o$ ,6kU,[luFc{s$[&4/3?rfdg.Df-"Ns>L}k3\~=_N/z~/0xv;o>>w_~k{b,7k3wVgtpJ\qs3{zfaKwWzlVg_N_?&w_v7h6OF>"x3o^:*um;E c#k[LmcuN]nLcB_uxk_:sq6:LrkjIo1ls_^U8% Vinit Sethi and Lawrence K. Nordell Modern Pulley Design Techniques and Failure Analysis Methods conveyor Dynamics, Inc.1111 West Holly Street Bellingham, WA 98225. Fig. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X PP 52-59. The belt that forms the moving and supporting surface on which the conveyed material rides. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr <> That means belt conveyor design process requires repetitive strength calculations. Result from ANSYS 14.0 Deformation in old roller Fig.Deformation in old roller Stress in old roller Fig.Stress on old roller 6 OPTIMIZATION DESIGN OF ROLLER: 6.1 Material MS E = 2.10*105 Mpa, = 7860 Kg/m3, Syt = 590 Mpa Considering uniformly distributed load & FOS = 2 Allowable Stress (all) = Syt / Fs =590/2=295 Mpa, Copyright - All Rights Reserved - JETIR, ( An International Scholarly Open Access Journal, Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journal ), Impact factor 7.95 Calculate by Google Scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Multilanguage Journal, UGC Approval 14 June W.e.f of CARE List UGC Approved Journal no 63975, http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1505027.pdf, https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIR1505027, https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1505027, Downlaod eCertificate, Confirmation Letter, Peer Review Policy or Peer Review Statement. RVS COLLEGE OF ENGG. During the design process, time can be saved with the assistance of Finite Element Method. 3. The pulleys that support and move the belt and controls its tension. In order to optimize the conveyor equipment for efficient performance these parameters are reduced such as Reduction of motor frame vibrations to 11. JFIF ` ` C ISSN:2231-5381. www.ijettjournal.org. endobj c_g'wtk>Mf\O;&>|$hN'bLf04H AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study existing Belt conveyor system and optimize certain specifications like reducing the vibrations, increasing the fatigue cycles, minimizing the weight and reducing deflection of drive shaft. Keywords Belt conveyor system, Design, Finite Element Analysis, Optimization, Factor of Safety. Copyright claims should be addressed at editor@ijaconline.com bearing subject line Copyright Infringement, Volume XIV, Issue VII-XII Oct to Dec. 2020, DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BELT CONVEYOR SYSTEM FOR LIMESTONE, International Conference on Emerging Trends in IOT & Machine Learning" on 05th Jan,2019, at MANGAYARKARASI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE FOR WOMEN, International Conference on Informatics, Robotics, Construction 2021; 14(15):4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154715. 1 0 obj *~d NfP@L$o%?t[|mZ_NAf&'=OPDw]Y6+RV3pdp'cRI3-74Yg]!GyFGxn"G 2V6?O{;e}vm*dJLtO|;8?}+q7]wmI.AMJ00xQzo'P\PAP>n0C/6eo#)}Yw}sL9{hhU=z{91Oo{[=>9/yW{K:{r/K)\nAo!Q As a result, it has been seen that, this paper deal with the inclination loading conveyor belt which includes design and analysis of drive shaft, chassis, platform and rollers as per the industry requirements. Keyword: Existing roller,Optimized roller 1.Introduction: 1.1Belt Conveyor: Material handling is an important sector of industry, which is consuming a considerable proportion of the total power supply. Conveyor systems have their applications in abundance including the automotive, agricultural, computer, electronic, food processing, aerospace, pharmaceutical, chemical, bottling and packaging. Gys van Zyl, Abdulmohsin Al-Sahli Failure analysis of conveyor pulley shaft Materials and Corrosion Section, SABIC T&I, Jubail, Saudi Arabia ,Received in revised form 27 April 2013. This task accordingly depends on the improvement of the energy efficiency of belt conveyors, for they are the main energy consuming components of material handling systems. Belt conveyor is a commonly used equipment of continuous transport; it has a high efficiency and large conveying capacity, simpler construction, small amount of maintenance. 1 0 obj This objective is achieved in the following manner: Designing and calculation to obtain required specification. 2. In the influences on idlers from design, assembly, lubrication, bearing seals, and maintenance are reviewed. Conveyors allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, reason why they are very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. Upon looking at the results achieved, which are mentioned in the above tables (table 5.1 and table 5.2), we can say that all the parameters are under the enumerated limits. of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Pandharpur, India. <> Load carry capacity = Maximum 10 sugar bag on conveyor Load = 10 X 100kg = 1000 kg 2. k.ByMOW]Y8Dam&&#x,&)Xf++#C(&. A belt conveyor is a typical energy conversion system from electrical energy to mechanical energy. We invite your suggestions or queries, please feel free to contact us. Hence multiple simulations led to failure at first but with the help of proper screening, appropriate material was selected and it us yielded satisfactory results for both the components. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 842.04] /Contents 5 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S>> The belt should be selected considering the material to be transported. 1, no. 7th & 8th April 2018 PERI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Simulations for linear static Analysis. endobj Optimization of conveyor assembly for weight reduction. AND TECH. Simulation was undertaken with the help of solid works 2017 and material selection for the above-mentioned parts was done in reference with standard Ashby charts. endobj There are many important parameters which play a vital role in meticulous selection of a conveyor system. Solid works model of the selected specifications is created. All Rights Reserved. !(!0*21/*.-4;K@48G9-.BYBGNPTUT3? Finite element method is most practical method which can be used for belt conveyor design. X. Oscar fenn Daniel, A. Hussain lal Stress Analysis in Pulley of Stacker-Reclaimer by Using Fem Vs Analytical Department of Mechanical Engineering, JJ College of Engineering and Technology, Tiruchirappalli. Volume 2 Issue 5 % Comparison between existing and optimized design. Conveyors are generally classified as either Unit Load Conveyors that are designed to handle specific uniform units such as cartons or pallets, and Process Conveyors that are designed to handle loose product such as sand, gravel, coffee, cookies, etc. % In some cases according to requirement if we increase conveyor inclination up to 170 to 180 the impact on the whole assembly of shaft occur due to this impact of material on conveyor shaft it break or bend within few month. suK.Y)olQ:8r],[0M!Xd9]^Kunu|X}*:q-eKjXJ;y0ZbQc32g}Vn@O\)%h^]0yB\. Consequently, energy efficiency becomes one of the development focuses of the belt conveyor technology [1]. 1. Fig. Minimum conveyor motor power (P), Power = P =, Table 5.1 Simulation results for Idler Roller Assembly, Fig: 5.1 (a) Static Displacement Analysis, Fig: 5.2 (a) Static Displacement Analysis. For handling of partial or continuous goods, belt conveyors are very efficient way. 2021. The current design of belt conveyor equipment is heavy weight and has high chassis vibration in running condition. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Roller Detail Loading on the roller 4 DESIGN OF ROLLER: 4.1 Material MS E = 2.10*105 Mpa, = 7860 Kg/m3, Syt = 590 Mpa Considering uniformly distributed load & FOS = 2 Allowable Stress (all) = Syt / Fs =590/2=295 Mpa 4.2 Maximum Stress Calculation for given condition W= 1000/2= 500kg (Load act on 2 rollers at a time) D1= Outer diameter of roller = 61 mm D2 = Inner diameter of roller = 51 mm w = Width of roller = 730 mm y = Distance from neutral axis = 0.061/2 = 0.0305 Considering uniformly distributed load, Maximum Moment (Mmax) = W*L2/8 = (500*9.81*0.732)/8 Mmax = 326.73 Nm Moment of Inertia (I) = (D14 - D24)/64 = (0.0614 0.0514)/64 I = 3.476*10-7 m4 Maximum bending stress b = Mmax * y/ I = 326.73 * 0.0305/ 3.476*10-7 b = 28.66 Mpa 4.3 Checking Factor of Safety for design- Fs = all / b = 295/28.66 Fs =10.29 As Calculated Fs is greater than assumed Fs, Selected Material can be considered as safe.